Musical Psychotherapy: History, Effects, and Applications

Melodic Psychotherapy: History, Effects, and Applications Samah El Saadi Dynamic We as a whole appreciate music as a type of craftsmanship however we once in a while mull over the impact of the music that we tune in to. Music treatment is utilizing music in a helpful way so as to recuperate or settle a psychological, physical or mental state. This survey will present music treatment and follow its roots back ever, and afterward it will give an understanding on music related neurosciences clarifying what parts of the mind and synapses are included. Music can influence us on a wide range of levels; be that as it may, this audit will concentrate on the capacity of music to help in psychotherapy. Highlight that the likely force inside music can be either helpful or damaging relying upon the decision of music. Melodic Psychotherapy What is music treatment and what are the starting points? Everybody considers music to be a type of workmanship that they appreciate playing or moving on its rhythms as they will in general build up an inclination to particular kind of rhythms. In any case, only sometimes individuals think about the effect of music on their wellbeing albeit through their encounters with music they would realize that their preferred kind of music can cause them to feel loose, cheerful or even on edge. Be that as it may, have you at any point thought about music as a type of treatment? Exploration demonstrated that music affects our wellbeing and it tends to be either positive or negative contingent upon the music, yet these impacts are intervened through brain science and neurosciences (News in Health [NIH], 2010). Music treatment is applying music as a device so as to improve, settle or reestablish a passionate, mental, or physical wellbeing. It is led by licensed music specialists who can dexterously utilize music and music components in surveying patients, creating treatment plans, assessing advances and contribute in research (Music Therapy Association [MTAO], 2010). Music advisors plan music meetings for people or gatherings and may utilize dynamic or detached methodologies in the treatment relying upon the patients’ need. The treatment may incorporate tuning in to music, making music, discussing the verses or in any event, composing melodies, yet certainly it isn't limited to individuals with melodic capacities. Since music is open all over the place, music treatment isn't restricted to a spot and meetings can be orchestrated at homes, clinics, hospices, care focuses or any quiet spot individuals may like (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2008). The nonverbal enthusiastic substance o f music makes it an all inclusive language that can facilitate the self-articulation, self-improvement and social connections which would help in psychotherapy. Music can generally positively affect individuals whether they are not well, impaired or alive and well (MTAO, 2010). The guideline of helpful utilization of music isn't new, antiquated societies knew about music power which for certain was a piece of their conventional mending practices, for example, the instance of Native Americans (ACS, 2008). The melodic intensity of mending was set apart in various ethnic antiquated engravings like that of Rome, India, China and Egypt (Music as Medicine, 2014), as it was referenced in the works of Greek rationalists, for example, Aristotle, Pythagoras and Plato (ACS, 2008). Anyway the advanced music treatment goes back to World War II when music was utilized to help in the treatment of fighters who were experiencing shell stun, and it was in 1944 when Michigan State University started the principal degree program in music treatment (ACS, 2008). Music related neurosciences For a long time research was progressing to comprehend the methods for activity of music and why it has this solid effect on our lives. Since the effect is interceded neurologically, researchers seriously examined the mind districts and with the assistance of the developing imaging strategies, for example, practical attractive reverberation imaging (fMRI) they saw that it initiates startling areas engaged with feelings and memory, notwithstanding the brain’s engine locales that are liable for organizing physical developments. The neuroscientist Dr. Petr Janata in his ongoing examinations demonstrated that the region of the cerebrum filling in as a focal center between music, feelings and recollections is the average prefrontal cortex. While trying to comprehend the average prefrontal cortex action, youthful grown-ups were exposed to concentrates of youth melodies while being observed with fMRI and it was seen that the action was ideal when they heard a natural tune that bring to mind a feeling or memory (NIH, 2010). Dr. Janata expressed that in Alzheimer patients the average prefrontal cortex is one of the last cerebrum districts to decay, henceforth this clarifies why patients with Alzheimer may review youth tunes while different recollections are lost. In further examination on the average prefrontal cortex action, Dr. Allen Braun and Dr. Charles Limb checked by means of attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) scanner the average prefrontal cortex in a jazz artist as he played his music. The specialists saw that the area was not dynamic when the performer played a remembered tune; in any case, it became dynamic when the artist was ad libbing reasoning that the average prefrontal cortex additionally has a job in the inventive articulation of music (NIH, 2010). Going further into the music sway on the neurological level, a trial was done to check the synapses in question and the hour of their discharge. Through the ligand-based positron outflow tomography (PET) researchers found that music triggers dopamine discharge in both the dorsal and ventral striatum. By the by, this revelation was to be expected since dopamine is known to be answerable for the delight sensation whether because of sex, drugs or just music. However, the all the more fascinating disclosure was the observing of the expansion in dopaminergic voxels in the correct core accumbens (NAcc) going before a most loved part and cresting when the most loved part was reached. The period of expanded dopaminergic voxels preceding the most loved part was named Anticipatory stage, as delineated in the figure 1, and it sets us up for the resulting melodic part that we love and will cause the dopamine look giving us the joy sensation (Salimpoor et al, 2011). To have a superior comprehension, researchers investigated the music itself. Early speculations about music contended that we get influenced by music through the suggestive implications and mental pictures that it reflects; in any case, as per the musicologist Leonard Meyer it is the equivocalness and not realizing what the following note will be is the thing that keeps us holding up in fervor. Redundant expected examples in music is exhausting and can be irritating like a morning timer, thus it is the erratic examples that give us the chills. Meyer expressed that the vulnerability is the thing that triggers the arrival of dopamine as we attempt to make sense of what the following note is. We might have the option to anticipate a portion of the notes however not every one of them and that is the thing that cause our cerebrums to argue for those notes that will release the vulnerability and finishes the example, yet these notes are typically saved till the conclusion to keep us tuning in (WIRED, 2011). Music treatment in clinical preliminaries Since we had a knowledge on the neuroscience that depends behind the impacts of music, we should take note of that music has consequences for both physical level and mental level. A portion of the physical impacts are improving resistance, diminishing uneasiness, and changing the circulatory strain and pulse (NIH, 2010), while at the mental level music has the ability to adjust our state of mind and help in psychotherapy. In this survey we will concentrate on the mental impacts and its job in psychotherapy. A few clinical preliminaries have been led so as to guarantee the viability of music treatment. In a clinical preliminary 46 patients determined to have melancholy were arbitrarily isolated into two gatherings. Gathering 1 was exposed to the standard consideration that incorporates energizer drug, psychotherapy and mental advising, while bunch 2 experienced 60 min music treatment meetings notwithstanding the standard consideration. The patients were surveyed following 3 months and results demonstrated that individuals who got music-treatment had less burdensome manifestations from the individuals who didn’t. Educator Christian Gold, one of the two examination pioneers, stated: Music treatment has explicit characteristics that permit individuals to communicate and connect in a non-verbal route even in circumstances when they can't discover the words to depict their inward experiences.† (Erkkilã ¤ et al, 2011). Another comparative clinical preliminary that was done on 79 patients with low-and mid-range grade sorrow uncovered outcomes that strengthens the ones that were recovered by the primary clinical preliminary referenced here (Castillo-Perez et al, 2010). In a clinical preliminary on 80 schizophrenic patients, 42 patient where allocated to do music treatment for an hour two times per week while 38 different patients were doled out to experience standard consideration. Following 3-month follow-up the outcomes showed improvement in the downturn status and mental side effects of the patients (Lu et al, 2013). It is critical to take note of that there is portion impact relationship in music treatment by which progressively intermittent meetings would bring about increasingly extensive upgrades (Gold et al, 2009). Would music be able to be damaging? The intensity of music is much the same as whatever other force that can be either useful or damaging relying upon the utilization. Decent music can lift you up and spur you, yet on the opposite dismal or fierce music can be damaging. In an investigation distributed in 2003 by the American Psychological Association (APA), scientists from Iowa State University inspected the impact of savage verses by which they caused understudies to tune in to seven fierce melodies and 8 peaceful tunes being sung by a similar craftsman and utilizing a similar melodic style so as to control different components, and afterward they were surveyed for their forceful contemplations and emotions through mental errands. T

HRM exam preparation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HRM test arrangement - Essay Example Basically, these are viewed as convictions that frequently slant organizations just as the people to act in specific manners which are not the same as the others. Qualities extend from monetary, political just as strict among others and these regularly shape the manner in which an association works towards the achievement of its objectives. In an association, there is a for the most part acknowledged method of working together and this is broadly viewed as the outline that is answerable for forming the manner in which individuals carry on in an association. Against this foundation, it very well may be noticed that mentality is basically worried about molding our sentiments towards something. These emotions can either be sure or negative contingent upon the idea of the circumstance existing on the ground. It very well may be seen that disposition is formed to suit the necessities of individuals included. Valence is the level of constructive or pessimistic emotions about an article while centrality is the degree to which mentality is a piece of the person’s self. Every individual has a mentality that characterizes his character. Interrelatedness is another character of demeanor which is identified with different mentalities while dependability sets such that disposition is protection from change. Explicitness is how much mentality is explicit to a specific quality while striking nature is the level of familiarity with holding a demeanor. Essentially, perspectives are man-made and they are a piece of an individual’s mental make-up and create and change because of the person’s current needs. Every single distinctive individual has a particular mentality that recognizes him from the others. Be that as it may, it must be noticed that we are not brought into the world with mentalities yet these are gained particularly from guardians, family, peers just as coworkers. Business related mentalities are of significance to numerous associations and on the grounds that they have potential results that could be advantageous, the two that

World War One Home Front Free Essays

There were any war plans made, for example, the Schlemiels Plan; an arrangement conceived to stay away from war on two fronts, Germans to vanquish France and turn around to Russia with a mallet swing, and plan 17; was the French control plan. Alterations were made to the arrangements and lead to their possible disappointment. There were various fights including the Battle of the Manner; where German soldiers endeavored to move towards Paris however were assault as the RE flank was uncovered. We will compose a custom paper test on World War One Home Front or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now There was a hole between the soldiers and the British soldiers had the option to move into the hole. Prompting Germany battling a war on two fronts. There was additionally the Race to the ocean which was the Germans endeavor to pick up whatever number ports as could be allowed to take into consideration the proceed of exchange. It brought about the production of the Western front. The Nature of Trench fighting and Life in Trenches (1 86 Words) Trenches assumed a tremendous job in WWW. Highlights of channels included, sandbags, ammo, holes, parapet, duckboards, fire steps and spiked metal. Channels were an unpredictable system and stretched out across numerous kilometers with the cutting edge situated to dispatch at the foe. They were built In a gig choke structure Communication channels detached each line. They were relied upon to be transitory toward the start of the war. The region among partners and Germans was called no man’s land. There was not set separation between the lines. No man’s land had profound pits, mud, substantial downpour, big guns barrage. Weaponry changed all through the war, assault rifles, rifles, projectiles, flamethrowers, mortars and gas were utilized. The fight strategies started as hostile and later changed to cautious. The life In channels was unpleasant, there were numerous rodents, mud and ailments that were clear inside the channels. This lead to fight exhaustion and shell stun. Numerous officers encounters unhygienic day to day environments, Illnesses, for example, looseness of the bowels, channel foot and PITS. 80% of the time welds were exhausted stuff, 19% of the time solidified firm and just 1% of the time terrified. Endeavors to Break the Stalemate (241 Words) There were various endeavors to break the impasse. The Battle of Verdure was In Feb. †Novel 1916. â€Å"They will not pass† Is the platitude lined up with It. It Involved commanders, Falkland for Germany and Petting for France. It was Germany’s expect to drain the French white† through a war of steady loss. Utilizing substantial ordnance siege and diphthongs gas. It brought about an early German development later re won by France. The disappointments of Verdure lead to Falkland supplanted by Hindering and Ultrasound. Another fight was the Battle of the Some. This was from July †Novo General Hag was included. The point being to get through and diminish France at Verdure. They utilized mounted guns attacks and crawling blast tanks. Another fight was the Battle of Packsaddle. This was between July’s †Novo 1917. It is known for the mud. It was additionally with General Hag. The point was to deal with the seaports and draw pressure off France. The utilization of overwhelming gunnery assault. The outcome was just a little regional increase and the chance to send holds after a forward leap at Cambric. There were additionally endeavors made past the Western Front, these included spots like Galileo. There was the maritime bar, which saw Germany dispatch its unhindered submarine fighting and harmony developments, for example, Papal harmony note to diminish arms and the women’s harmony party. Changing mentalities of German and Allied officers to the war (174 Words) Britain toward the start of the war has overpowering help and energy. There was a celebrated look on war; fervor of the obligation and experience. England had no convention of induction and men reacted to publicity, for example, the Kitcheners armed force banners well. There was â€Å"fear† that war would just last a brief period and be over by Christmas. England regularly evil presences Germany. Be that as it may, by 1916, the energy had vanished and truth of channels and the uselessness of war majorly affect rooftops. The Battle of the Some was a defining moment where reality soaked in. Enlistment figures have dropped before the finish of 1916 and enrollment was presented. War exhaustion turned into a factor. Germany additionally had a monstrous and far reaching excitement. The German men had a similar inspiration as British men. Nationalism, respect, obligation, peer pressure, dazzling young ladies and a consistent salary. In any case, nourishment deficiencies lead to devastation and German fighters built up similar sentiments of the bafflement and war exhaustion as British men particularly with Germany confronting starvation in 1917. The most effective method to refer to World War One Home Front, Essays

MGT 527 Comprehensive Exam Research Assignment - 9900 Words

MGT 527 Comprehensive Exam Research Assignment (Term Paper Sample) Content: Management 527 Comprehensive ExamsNameCourseInstructorDateQuestion 1Strategic ManagementThe literature explores to a great extent the in-depth understanding of strategic management and planning holistically as well as its roles and impact in organizations. The success of any organization is begged on strategic approach of all its dealings directed to its long-term goals and objectives. Strategic management and planning in any organization are required to fit all the dynamic changes in both internal and external environment. Although this kind of management comes with a cost, if it is well managed and timed will bring about the positive effect on the performance of any organization. The literature will explore the concept, roles, and impact of strategic management in an organization.Concept of strategic managementStrategic management concept has been a term that most organizations use to implement and execute complex tasks such as environmental analysis, evaluation, an d monitoring of organizational performance, making of decisions and budgeting. Strategic management although has been confirmed as one of the most effective avenues of meeting the set goals and objectives, it has elements of controversies especially in scientific, environmental setting (Sousa, 2017). Strategic management and planning concept emphasizes on step-wise and systematic approaches to the strategic development of an organization. Strategic management defines an organization's long-term objectives and goals, mission and vision statements, formulation of strategies, environmental analysis, control, and implementation. It further emphasizes specific process and steps during the determination of organization's long-term goals and objectives, evaluation and generation procedures. It also emphasizes on a good system of monitoring results after implementation. Strategic planning is also described as periodic processes that include activities like annual performance goals' performa nce, translation of priorities to the resourceful allocation of decisions and budgeting. In the formal context, strategic management and planning can be defined as those processes of employing systematic criterion as well as a rigorous study that helps in formulating strategies that can be used in implementing, controlling and documenting expectations of an organization. Strategic management and planning can also be defined as periodical processes that enable structured approaches to strategic formulations, implementation as well as control. (Wolf Floyd, 2017).The main purpose why a company makes decisions to come up with a good a strategic management and plan is basically to enhance and influence a company's strategic directions in a provided period as well as coordinating, integrating and merging various decisions that are strategic to the success of the company. The activities that strategic management comprises of include strategic meetings and reviews and strategic plan genera tion. The activities are directed and governed using the laid specific procedures, rules, and regulations where the formalization level varies in both between and within organizations. Strategic management cuts across marketing, finance, and operation management among other core organizational sectors.Importance of strategic management and planningStrategic management is vital in not only organizations but also even governmental agencies. It can be of help in identifying and developing company adaptability to changes in the surrounding environment. It can also help in improving decisions made by an organization and setting of priorities as well as enhancement of relationship with stakeholders.To start with, strategic management helps organizations to utilize the resources with are limited optimally efficiently. Resources such as human capital and finances should be used to the fullest to yield more output at a minimal cost. For the resources to be used optimally, a sound strategic p lan must be in place to provide direction of the management of the resources to the set goals and objectives. For instance, strategic management that should be employed in human resource sector will include coming up with a good organizational culture, teamwork and appraisal and rewards to best performers. These will motivate employees to work towards achieving the organizational goals. Strategic management in the financial sector will include coming up with a good financial structure that will define the ratio of debt financing to equity financing that will not lead the organization into financial difficulties.Secondly, strategic management will help organizations to examine their challenges and opportunities in the external and internal environment, and this will help them build and strengthen their capacity instead of focusing on their day to day operations (Hu, Kapucu O'Byrne, 2014). Strategic planning and management focus on the long-term well-being of the organization by plac ing the means and processes of reaching their goals and objectives. The strategy focuses on achieving the organizational goals in many years to come. This can be done through integrating departmental goals and objectives of an organization to match those goals and objectives of the organization. The organization's strategic planning can focus on the environmental dynamics that will place the organization either at risk or a good position and take relevant actions to take advantage of the opportunities and look for means to mitigate or avoid the risks.Thirdly, strategic planning allows companies to engage in adaptive management tactics like expanding income earned as well as involving themselves in a joint program in dealing with uncertainties in funding. For a strategic plan to be successful, organizations need to improve their focus concerning company's values and mission that provide the organization's action blueprint, ways of assessing and monitoring actions, and how information is delivered within and outside the organization.The previous studies on the correlation which exists between organizational performance and strategic planning will be analyzed by first understanding the whole concept of strategic planning and its importance to the organization. The study provides a good reason on how organizational performances are positively or negatively affected by choice of strategic plan. It is believed that strategic planning and management plays a vital role given strategic development, formulation of major solutions to problems, choice of strategies, analysis of alternatives and setting of goals and objectives. It has also been seen as the key means or mechanism used for coordination and integration during decentralization and centralization of company decisions. There has been inconsistency in research concerning the correlation between organizational performances and strategic planning, and this is due to evolution that is realized in strategic planning holistically. On the other hand, not all companies have realized a positive gain during the implementation of strategic management and planning, and this is because of some reasons that include the cost and complexity of its implementation.This research incorporates a study that was carried out about thirty years ago as well as the development and evolution of strategic planning from normative or classical strategic planning model to empirical tasks that focus on the outcomes of strategic planning. The outcomes include organizational functions integration and coordination among organizational functions. Currently, for a relationship between strategic planning and organizational performance to be a success, some topics should be included. The topics include who does the planning, whether the means of planning practices will bring good outcomes, and how the planning is going to accommodate emerging influences. Scientifically, a good strategic plan should be surrounded by a rational pa radigm. A rational strategic planning model or mechanism should have a systematic evaluation and identification of alternatives to problems, and a choice of one that has a best-projected outcome. (Malekpour, Brown Haan, 2015)Due to the uncertainty and complexity that is involved in strategic planning, an emergency of a sound decision-making that employs tools like Computational Exploratory Models for identifying static plans which perform so well given many different circumstances. These static plans include Adaptation Tipping Points, Adaptive Police-Making, Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways and Adaptation Pathways. Adaptive Policy-Making supports implementation and design of strategic plans to curb uncertainties in the future using adaptation policies and processes done over a period. Adaptation Tipping Point seeks to make an identification of conditions where certain plans could not fulfill the laid objectives and goals newer strategies are needed. Adaptation Pathways provides alt ernative pathways (routes) into a future, and this is done once the conditions have been identified and reached to proceed with meeting objected intended. Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways is a hybrid of Adaptation Pathways and Adaptive Policy-Making which seeks to do an exploration of various uncertainties as well as their future implications, opportunities and vulnerability. It seeks to identify relevant actions, contingency action and action sequences that can maintain the track of a plan.Organization performance can not only be improved through strategic planning but also the commitment of leaders, employee empowerment and team-work, employee and customer satisfaction and continuous improvements (Johanness, 2017). Strategic planning needs to incorporate other support mechanisms such as good communication, good organizational culture, change management, employee training and self-assessment, supportive processes, systems, and struc...

Edgar Allan Poe and Insanity Essay - 3421 Words

Edgar Allan Poe and Insanity Edgar Allan Poe shows how subconscious fears and guilt can lead to insanity through the irrational behaviors shown by the narrators in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat†. Both narrators have committed a crime due to their insanity in an attempt to relieve themselves from their fear and guilt, but instead ultimately cause their further decline of mental stability. Edgar Allan Poe was orphaned at an early age, later being adopted by John Allan. In his early adulthood, he developed malignant habits of alcoholism and debt. During his time, activists in the temperance movement blamed alcohol for corruptions such as violence and the destruction of family life. People during this time also had a†¦show more content†¦The narrator has a fear of the old man in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, which also causes his murder. Poe shows a sense of panic in the narrator’s voice by switching between calm, logical statements and quick irrational outbursts. By using first person narrative, not only does it heighten the tension and fear running through the mind of the narrator, but it also allows us to experience and feel his fear (â€Å"Tell Tale†). The narrator makes clear that he is â€Å"very, very dreadfully nervous† (Poe, â€Å"Tell-Tale† 445) when he says, â€Å"I have told you that I am nervous: so I am. And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable terror† (Poe, â€Å"Tell-Tale† 447). According to James Gargano, he makes us understand that the voluble murderer has been tortured by the nightmarish terrors he attributes to his victim: he was sitting up in bed listening; just as I have done night after night, harkening to the death watches in the wall’; further, the narrator interprets the old man’s groan in terms of his own persistent anguish: many a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me. (Gargano) The narrator seems to live in â€Å"a haunted and eerie world of his own demented making† (â€Å"Tell Tale†). He fears the old man’sShow MoreRelatedEssay on Insanity: The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe1165 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allan Poe is a first-person narrative short story that showcases an enigmatic and veiled narrator. The storyteller makes us believe that he is in full control of his mind yet he is experiencing a disease that causes him over sensitivity of the senses. As we go through the story, we can find his fascination in proving his sanity. The narrator lives with an old man, who has a clouded, pale blue, vulture-like eye that makes him so helpless that he kills the old man. HeRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Influences709 Words   |  3 Pagesof the most influential American writers ever. He is Edgar Allen Poe. Poe was an expert writer in the dark Gothic style. He once said, â€Å"Words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality. Edgar Allan Poe’s Life influenced his life because of people claiming he was insane, due to many of his dark and scary stories, loss of his wife, foster mother, and mother, and also his st rong addiction to alcohol. 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Competitive Strategy And Innovation of Virgin Group †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy And Innovation of Virgin Group. Answer: Introduction In this dynamic global business environment, changes are taking place which affects the performance of the business. It is vital for the business to cope with these changes of the dynamic business environment. Various challenges are being faced by the business due to these changes of the business environment. These challenges include competition, change in technology and change in the availability of resources. For coping with these challenges and enhancing the chances of survival, success and growth of the business, there is a need to adopt competitive strategies and innovative strategies or approaches. Organisations are utilising the strengths and capabilities for gaining competitive advantage. Innovation is an important part of the dynamic business environment so as to stay competitive in this competitive business environment. Different strategies are being adopted by the businesses for gaining a competitive advantage over the others and implementing innovation strategy. The case of Virgin group has been selected for the execution of this assignment. Virgin group is a private company which is operating in the conglomerate industry. Headquarter of Virgin group is located in London, United Kingdom. It is offering services all around the globe. Products or services which are being offered by Virgin group are banking, books, commercial aviation, commercial spaceflight, consumer electronics, films, healthcare, internet, jewellery, mobile phones, music, radio, retail and travel (Virgin Group, 2017). Virgin group is operating in the dynamic business environment and is coping with the changing aspects of this business environment in a successful manner. For gaining an advantage over the others in the industry, there is a need to adopt a competitive strategy and providing innovative services or products to the customers. Expansion of the business is dependent on the manner business adopt strategies for gaining competitive advantage and providing innovative se rvices by using innovation. Virgin group has adopted various competitive and innovation strategy for overcoming competition and changes in the technology. Challenges faced by Virgin Group There are various aspects of the business environment which act as a challenge in front of the business. These challenges can affect the performance of the business at large. For the purpose of coping with these challenges, initiatives need to be taken on the part of the organisation. Virgin media has faced various challenges which may have affected the performance of Virgin group. These challenges are listed below: Increasing competition: one of the most important challenges which is being faced by Virgin Group is competition. Competition in the business environment is increasing due to which the performance of the Virgin Group is getting affected. There are various companies which are operating in the same industry and using various strategies for attracting the customers towards them. The rise in competition affects the performance, profitability, growth and chances of success (MENA Report, 2012). Virgin Group is operating in different industries as it is offering a wide range of products or services. It is facing tough competition in the industry due to technology, cost, availability of resources and structure of the organisation. There is a need to overcome the weaknesses and utilise the strengths available for enhancing the performance of the business. Strategies need to be adopted for dealing with the increasing competition and analysis need to be done in the market for analysing the tren d of competition in the market (Schofield, 2017). Availability of the resources: there are various resources which are being used by the business for the purpose of performing the operations of the business. Execution of the operations of the Virgin group is dependent on the availability of various resources. These resources include the requirement of effective and efficient human resource, availability of raw material, finance and machinery. These resources need to be arranged properly and in adequate quantity. These resources need to be utilised in the most suitable manner for the purpose of obtaining the desired outcome. Virgin group need to analyse the need of the resources and make an arrangement so as to meet the needs and expectations of the customers of the business (Taylor, 2013). Expansion: another challenge which is being faced by every business is expanding. Every organisation is operating with a motive to expand the area of operation in which it is operating. Expansion enhances the chances of growth and success of the business and helps in gaining large market share for dealing with the competition. Virgin group is offering a wide variety of products or services and is operating in different industries at the global Focus on Virgin Group is in the expansion of the area of operation by utilising the resources in an effective manner. For the expansion of the area of operation and attaining success in the different businesses of Virgin Group, there is a need to establish coordination between these businesses (Murphy, 2008). Lack of coordination between different business: a broad range of brands are being managed by the Virgin Group as it is operating in different industries for providing a wide range of services or products to the customers. The focus of Virgin Group is on enhancing the customer base of the business. But Virgin Group has faced lack of coordination between the different businesses. Virgin Group is not preparing any consolidated commercial and financial reports for the whole group. Virgin Group has faced negative cash flows in few businesses which have created a proper for the Virgin Group. Coordination between the different businesses of the Virgin Group is required for conducting the operations of different businesses in a better manner. This has affected the profitability of the business at large. The reputation of the whole Virgin Group is at risk as this lack of coordination and negative cash flows are affecting the reputation of the business adversely (Virgin Group, 2010). Irrelevant diversification: competition in the business environment is increasing with the change in the various factors of the business environment. Virgin Group has entered different industries at the global level and lack of coordination between these different businesses has affected the process of diversification of Virgin Group. Diversification can be done in an effective manner with the support of the whole group in a better manner. Relevant diversification promotes better implementation of the plans and attainment of the objectives of the organisation. Diversification strategy is implemented with a motive to expand the area of operation and enhancing the success chances of the business. Diversification needs to be done in a relevant manner and must be related to the other businesses of the group (Jia Jing, 2012). The complicated structure of the organisation: a complicated organisational structure affects the growth of the business. An organisational structure of the business must be simple so as to effectively incorporate the changes in the business environment. Organisational structure of the business creates an impact on the projects of the business. Virgin Group has a complicated organisational structure which has resulted in negative synergy. The environment of the workplace and behaviour or attitude of the employees may get affected due to the complicated organisational structure. An appropriate organisational structure needs to be adopted for promoting flexibility so as to implement the changes in a better manner (Galliers Leidner, 2010). Change in the technology: Another important challenge which is being faced by the organisations is changing in the technology used by the business. Technological advancements are taking place in the business environment which is affecting the performance and operations of the business. Virgin Group is focusing on this factor of the business environment so as to cope with the changing technology and enhancing the performance with the use of technological advancements. Analysis needs to be made of the technological changes taking place so as to analyse whether to use the technological change for enhancing the performance or not (Issa-Salwe, et. al., 2010). Concentrated profits: Profits of the Virgin Group are concentrated as there are different businesses being run by Virgin Group and few of these businesses are earning profits and few are suffering negative cash flows. This negative cash flows and dependency on few businesses for profits affect the performance of Virgin Group. This situation increases the dependency of the other businesses on one business. For enhancing profitability and effectiveness of the different businesses, there is a need to focus on profits generated by every business. Virgin Group is facing a challenge due to concentrated profits and is focusing on resolving the issue (Robinson, 2012). Competitive strategy and innovation Competitive strategies and innovations are crucial aspects of a business as these are effective in shaping the performance of the business. Competitive strategy and innovation strategy enhances the performance by developing competitiveness in the business for coping with the competition present in the business environment. Different strategies have been used by Virgin Group for enhancing the performance and coping with the various challenges faced by the group. Factors present in the business environment are creating an impact on the performance of the Virgin Group and strategies have been implemented by Virgin Group for managing the performance of the business (Qin, 2015). For being competitive and for maintaining a strong customer base business needs to adopt new technologies. These new technologies will help Virgin Group in gaining competitive advantage and performing well in the industry. Virgin group has used innovations for the purpose of dealing with the changing business envi ronment. Strategies which are being adopted by Virgin Group for being competitive and dealing with the challenges faced by it include growth strategies, unrelated diversification strategy, differentiation strategy, risk management strategies, pricing strategies and new content strategy and recruitment and selection strategy (Virgin Media, 2009). Growth strategies have been followed by Virgin Group for gaining a competitive advantage over the others in the industry. According to the business growth, strategies of Virgin Group plans to need to be prepared for the long-term duration for setting goals which business need to achieve. This has helped Virgin Group in analysing the risk factors and opportunities available to Virgin Group in the future. The focus of the business growth strategy of Virgin Group is on gathering a great team which performs the operations of the business as a team and supporting each other. Support is required from each other for performing the roles assigned. This strategy has enhanced the internal support to Virgin Group which has helped it in enhancing the performance and gaining competitive advantage (Lazo Kase, 2010). Unrelated diversification strategy has been adopted by Virgin Group. Differentiation strategy is being used by Virgin Group for enhancing the performance and coping with the challenges faced by the group. Virgin Group is offering various products and is operating different businesses. This strategy is a corporate strategy for the purpose of entering the new market or industry effectively and coping with the increasing competition. In this competitive world, there is a need to be competitive and provide innovative services (Notis, 2015). Virgin Group has entered different product lines for the expansion of the area of operation and enhancing the customer base of the business. Changes have been made in the manner in which expansion of the business of Virgin Group is done. Virgin Group has entered different sectors of the economy for the purpose of enhancing the performance. Unrelated diversification strategy has been adopted by Virgin Group for ensuring that the company is covering a l arge share of the market for different products or services (Vincent, 2010). Risk management strategy is being adopted by Virgin Group for the purpose of coping with the risks faced by the group. Challenges present in the business environment results in an increase in the risks faced by the business. Virgin Group is engaged in long-term planning for formulating plans so as to take better decisions and enhancing the chances of growth of the business in the long run. Long-term planning is required for the purpose of forming a base or outline which will help in laying out a plan on the basis of which activities of the business will be carried out (Jones, 2011). Two risks have been faced by the Virgin Group are a dependency of the brand on Branson and cash crunch within companies. New products are being identified by the Virgin Group for the purpose of identifying the need of the customers and trend in the market. Virgin Group is operating independently and operating different businesses in different industries. This strategy will enhance the competitiveness of V irgin Group as the focus of Virgin Group is on performing well in the competitive business environment. Risk management strategy has helped the Virgin Group in dealing with the risk factors in a better manner and ensuring that these risk factors are not creating any impact on the performance of the business (Moreira, 2014). Pricing strategies is an effective competitive strategy which is being used by Virgin Group. In this competitive business environment, competitors of Virgin Group are reducing the prices of the products and on the other hand, Virgin Group is providing additional services and enhanced services for enhancing the satisfaction level of the customers. Prices of the products or services of Virgin Group are set by analysing the pricing strategies of the competitors for gaining knowledge of the industry (Macleod Clarke, 2011). Virgin Group is performing well in the competitive environment with the use of this competitive strategy. Pricing strategies affect the profitability of the business as well as customer base of the business. This strategy has contributed towards the increase in the customer base and profitability of Virgin Group. Different products are being offered by Virgin Group on different prices so as to attract the customers by offering products of high quality at affordable pr ices (Redpath, et. al., 2016). The new content strategy has been used by Virgin Group in which it has used big data. The motive behind adopting big data is to enhance the situation and to draw a better-targeted content strategy. Virgin Group has undergone a huge transformation in the last 10 years. Social platforms are being used by Virgin Group for the promotion of the products or services and enhancing the customer base of the business. With the use of this strategy, Virgin Group has been successful in attracting the customer or potential customers and analysing the needs of the customers of the business (Pisano, 2016). This strategy has helped Virgin Group in targeting the audience who are strategically important for the company. Identification can be done of the content areas with the help of this strategy and appeal to the target market. Different businesses are using new content strategy for targeting the customers and making an appeal to the targeted audience in a better manner. Knowledge of the audience of the business is developed with the help of this strategy. This strategy will enhance the performance of Virgin Group by enhancing the capabilities of Virgin Group (Feloni, 2015). Recruitment and selection strategy has been adopted by Virgin Group for hiring effective and efficient workforce for the execution of the operations of the business. Recruitment and selection process is crucial for every business as the performance and productivity of the business are dependent on the quality of human resource. During the screening process of the recruitment and selection program, six key characteristics have been set for screening new employees (Rosenberg, 2015). These six characteristics ensure that efficient employees are being hired which enhances the productivity of the business. Forgetting hired in Virgin Group one need to have a passion for new ideas, making the creativity apparent and disclosing a record of thinking in a different way. Virgin Group has described the employees of the group as questioning, honest, amusing, cheeky, disruptive, restless and intelligent. This innovation has helped Virgin Group in enhancing the quality of the human resource of the group and performing the operations in a better manner. This strategy has enhanced the competitiveness of the Virgin Group (WBS, 2015). Digital and social media marketing strategy has been followed by Virgin Group for enhancing the marketing function of the business. Use of social networking platforms in the business is increasing due to the variety of reasons or benefits. Social networking platforms are being used by the businesses for promoting or marketing the products or services in the market and attracting a large number of customers towards the business. Virgin Group has used social networking platforms for the purpose of promoting the different products which are being offered by the group and attracting the customers and potential customers. Social networking platforms have reduced the cost of the business as well as efforts of the business involved in the marketing of the products or services. Social networking enabled Virgin Group in reaching a large number of people in less time as social networks are being used by a wide number of people. Virgin Group is using these platforms for the analysis of market t rends and demand and expectations of the customers (Ankeny, 2012). Thus, these strategies have acted as the strength of Virgin Group and enhance the competitiveness of the company. Competitive strategies and innovations are an integral part of the business as these increases the chances of growth and holding large market share by dealing with the competition in the industry. All these strategies have been adopted by Virgin Group with a motive to enhance the performance and provide better quality services and products to the customers. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that being competitive is an important element of the business environment. Every business needs to stay competitive and innovative so as to enhance the performance and deal with the changes taking place in the industry. Various strategies are being adopted by the business for the purpose of bringing innovation and competing with the competitors. Virgin Group is operating in different industries at the global level and it is must for Virgin Group to implement strategies for surviving and expanding the area of operation in the environment. Various challenges are being faced by the Virgin Group due to the change in the business. These challenges include rising level of competition, change in the technology, change in the availability of resources and change in the economic condition of the economy. These challenges need to be dealt in an effective manner with the application of suitable strategies or approaches. Virgin group has adopt ed various strategies with a motive to cope with the challenges faced. These strategies are being adopted by Virgin Group and implemented for enhancing their performance. Strategies adopted by Virgin Group include pricing strategies, new content strategy and recruitment and selection strategy, growth strategies, unrelated diversification strategy, differentiation strategy and risk management strategies. References Ankeny, J., 2012, Richard Branson on Building an Empire, Enterprenur. Feloni, R., 2015, Here's a breakdown of the philosophy Richard Branson used to start over 400 companies in the Virgin Group, Business Insider. Galliers, R. D. Leidner, D. E., 2010, Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems, Routledge. Issa-Salwe, A., Ahmed, M., Aloufi, K. Kabir, M., 2010, Strategic Information Systems Alignment: Alignment of IS/IT with Business Strategy, Journal of Information Processing Systems, Vol. 6. Jia, C. S. Jing, G., 2012, The Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities in Brand Extension, Halmstad University. Jones, G., 2011, Business groups exist in developed markets also: Britain since 1850, HBS. Lazo, B. B. Kase, K., 2010, Virgin Finance: Sir Richard Brandsons pursuit of a significant presence in retail financial services, MPRA. Macleod, D. Clarke, N., 2011, Engaging for success: enhancing performance through employee engagement, DERA. MENA Report, 2012, Australia : Virgin Australia announce financial results.(Financial report),Mena Report. Moreira, M. E., 2014, An analytical model for the assessment of airline expansion strategies, Journal of Airline and Airport Management, 4(1). Murphy, R. E., 2008, competitive strategy of Virgin group, Richard E Murphy. Notis, I., 2015, Virgin Atlantic Airways: A Look Inside the Airlines Green Initiatives, Undergraduate Honors Theses, Paper 795. Pisano, G. P., 2016, Towards a Prescriptive Theory of Dynamic Capabilities: Connecting Strategic Choice, Learning, and Competition, Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 16- 146. Qin, D., 2015, Virgin America Airline differentiation strategy in US airline industry, Medium. Redpath, N., OConnell. J. Warnock-Smith, D., 2016, The Strategic Impact of Airline Group Diversification: The Cases of Emirates and Lufthansa, DSpace. Robinson, R., 2012, Insights on Integrating Special Projects with Organizational Strategy, ABARIS. Rosenberg, M., 2015, Strategy sustainability: a strategic logic for engagement with the environment,Palgrave Communications. Schofield, A., 2017, Split stable: as dust settles down on Virgin merger, Alaska addresses fleet strategy,Aviation Week Space Technology, 179(4), p.26. Taylor, E., 2013, Virgin Australia's rule of attraction,Airline Business, Issue 869. Vincent, J., 2010, Unrelated Diversification A look at the Virgingroup, Word Press. Virgin Group, 2010, Virgin Groups Corporate Responsibility And Sustainable Development Report, Virgin Group. Virgin Group, 2017, About us, [Online] Virgin Group. Accessed on: 29 September 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.virgin.com/virgingroup/content/about-us Virgin Media, 2009, Virgin Media Annual Report 2009, Virgin Media. WBS, 2015, Strategy and Practice Study materials, WBS.

Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition free essay sample

Human existence is highly religious because man, with all his powers, cannot master or control himself and the world around him. * Kierkegaard maintains that since repetition is highly religious, recollection is psychological. Hence, for him, recollection is to treat life from the pagan point of view. * â€Å"Recollection is the pagan life-view, repetition is the modern life-view; repetition is the interest of metaphysics.. Repetition is the solution contained in every ethical view†. Since repetition is also ethical, it is marvelous, and it must come about in the ways of the absurd. Western Metaphysics is a Recollection * Western metaphysics is said to be purely recollection. In fact, Plato attempted to explain knowledge through anamnesis, a process of remembering the past. * Kierkegaard said, â€Å"A Greek would prefer to recollect, unless his conscience were to frighten him; and modern philosophy makes no movement generally it only makes a fuss and what movement it makes is always within immanence, whereas repetition is always transcendence. We will write a custom essay sample on Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †. Misuse of Language * Kierkegaard resists language because for him, it is a wretched human invention. He said: â€Å"What a wretched invention human language is. It says one thing and means another! † * Using one’s name to tell something is not a philosophical stand for Kierkegaard; it is a characteristic of a recollecting person. Chapter 19: Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s â€Å"Yogi and the proletarian† Brief Biography * Maurice Merleau-Ponty was born on March 14, 1908. * He studied philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure and graduated in 1930 * He served in the French military during World War II. * He became one of the foremost French philosophers. Like his father, he was associated with the existentialist school but he denied his connection with existentialism because his ideas were not so much on freedom, anguish, responsibility, and death * He also served as a political editor for the Les Temps Modernes from October 1945 until he died of a stroke. General Philosophy * Merlaeau-Ponty asserts the significance of humanism as a lived experience. Perception, for him, is not causal product of different sensations; rather, it is an active dimension as it is a perception to the life of the world. Thus, he adopts Husserl’s slogan, â€Å"All consciousness is consciousness of something. † * In the Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty says that while art captures man’s individual perception, science, on the other hand, neglects to explain the depth it seeks to analyze. * For him, science is individualistic because it does not talk about human subjectivity; instead it only talks about positivism or objective facts. â€Å"Yogi and the Proletarian† * The problem Merleau-ponty addresses in his essay, â€Å"The Yogi and the Proletarian,† is the tension between ideology and its application by the proletarian. There is a tension between the two because the misuse of ideology, to a certain extent, has led to terror. * Historically, it is also a tension between the poor and the rich. Merleau-Ponty said, â€Å"The revolution of 1893 is terror because it is abstract, and it attempts to pass immediately from principles to the forced application of those principles. † A revolution must come, according to Merleau-Ponty, from the movement of history and not from the so-called committee of public safety. Two solutions for an abstract revolution: * Let the revolution mature and support it; and Depend not on the decisions of a committee of public safety but on a movement of history. Revolution and Terror * The start of terror was attributed to the decline of proletarian humanism. Merleau-Ponty establishes his point by setting Trotsky as his model. * Trotsky was involved with Marx’s proletarian philosophy, which stressed grounded history as the history. This kind of philosophy is grounde d on the history of the masses. It is a historical reality, because the people below are exploited in this new order of philosophy. This proletarian philosophy roused many intellectuals in Europe during the ripe days of facism. However, this new mode of thinking was challenged when World War II erupted. The historic mission of the Proletariat * The Marxist conception of history asserts that â€Å"economic history will become stable only through the collective appropriation of nature at the hands of the proletariat. From this perspective, it is the proletariat which given a historical mission, and its struggle becomes of major importance. † * In creating a humanity that is historically grounded, the world has to adopt the proletarian philosophy, which is certainly against the society designed by the scholars, saints, princes, and government officials. Could we develop a philosophy that could bind the prince and the pauper to work for common interest? * The historical mission of proletariat is, Merleau-Ponty, to gain a wise balance power because giving them their role to create themselves means reciprocity. Yogi and Humanism * This is a situation where reciprocity is impossible the proletariat is not considered in terms of his/her capacity to determine and to situate himself/herself in the world, which, according to Merleau-Ponty, is more vital than the product of his/her physical powers. The yogi and the proletarian have a common mission: Making humanity real—a kind of humanity that is felt and expressed freely in the world contrary to the Cartesian notion of indubitable truth, which is only good in understanding and condemning, but not in making moral judgements. Chapter 17: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Brief Biography Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the town of Rocken, province of Saxony, Germ any. His father, Carl Ludwig, was a Lutheran pastor and teacher. His Mother was Francisca Oehler. Nietzsche was a poet. He is known to have contributed the idea, â€Å"God is dead. † He also distinguished the master and slave moralities, according to which, there is celebration of life on the one hand and so much suffering on the other. The most recurring theme in his philosophy is the will of power. This implies the power of human behavior to survive at all costs. On August 25, 1900, Nietzsche contracted pneumonia. When he died, his sister buried him beside their father in Rocken. Nietzsche’s works include: 1) The Birth of Tragedy (1872) 2) Thus Spoke Zaranthustra (1885) 3) The Will to Power (1883-1889) 4) Beyond Good and Evil ( 1886) ) On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) 6) The Case of Wagner (1887) 7) Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist (1888) 8) Ecce Homo (1888) The Birth of Tragedy * The Birth of Tragedy (1887-1888) is Nietzsche’s first book, which talked about science from the viewpoint of the artist. * For Nietzsche, art, which rest upon the Greek culture, was the definitio n of human existence. * His admiration for music was emphasized. * The literature influenced Nietzsche’s philosophy since he admired Greek culture, especially how well they translated the tragedy of human existence into drama and music. The Birth of Tragedy is a question of the famous contrast of the so-called Apollonian and Dionysian spirits. What distinguishes the two is that the Dionysian spirit desires the original oneness while the Apollonian desires the individual form. Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Wagner Richard Wagner and Arthur Schopenhauer played a vital role in Nietzsche’s life. * Wagner initiated Nietzsche into the mysteries of art and life. * Schopenhauer initiated him into the school of Superman and Overman. Chapter 18: Martin Heidegger’s Politics and Ideology * Brief Biography Full name:Martin Heidegger Born:September 26, 1889 Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany School:University of Freiburg (1909-1911) Studied: Theology Completed Doctoral Degree on Psychologism (1914) Studied: Philosophy * He served as a soldier during World War I. * He was chosen to hold an office of extraordinary professorship in 1923 in University of Marburg. * He retired in 1982 and stayed at the University of Freiburg for the rest of his life. * He died on My 26, 1976 at the age of 86. * Political Influences * The Nazi dictatorship culminated when Adolf Hitler suspended all civil liberalities when a building named â€Å"Reichstag† was bombed on February 27, 1933. Hitler rashly suspected the communists for the bombing. Several communist were arrested and placed in concentration camps. Hitler became very strong because he acquired all powers including those of the law-making body. * Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl * Husserl worked out his philosophy in the context of phenomenology which emphasizes the importance of human existence as lived in day-to-day context. * The relationship of the two was damaged by controversies and ideological issues. * The eventual breakup of their friendship terminated on May 1, 1933 when Heidegger joined the National Socialist Movement. Martin Heidegger and Nazism * Nazism, the common short form name of  National Socialism (German:  Nationalsozialismus) was the  belief  and practice of the  National Socialist German Workers Party  (otherwise known as the Nazi Party). * The relation between the philosopher  Martin Heidegger  and the  Nazi Party  is a controversial subject. * Martin Heidegger joined the  Nazi Party  on May 1, 1933, nearly three weeks after being appointed Rector of the  University of Freiburg. Heidegger resigned the rectorship about one year later, in April 1934, but remained a member of the Party until the end of  World War II. His first act as Rector was to eliminate all democratic structures, including those that had elected him Rector. There were  book burnings  on his campus, some of which he successfully stopped, as well as some student violenc e. * People, Mission, Destiny: An Ideology * Heidegger’s political ideology is taken in the perspective of history within which he was active. Common in all his speeches were the terms: * Volk (people) – Believe that should be collected into one that would be in control of the destiny. * Aufrag (mission) – The German community in the midst of a struggle * Schicksal (destiny) Fate The ground of this was the so-called Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community). * People and Growth * Volk was considered an organism: an organic whole evolving in time. * The idea about people was regarded to be a competition: the weaker ones gave way to the stronger ones. This was an affirmation of Darwinism which claimed that the evolution is ascending. * Ascension means a change for the best and takes place as nature develops. * According to Kant, â€Å"A maxim is a rule. Everything in nature happens according to rules (called the laws of nature). * The German Spiritual Regeneration As Germans ascended, nations in Europe, particularly France and England, declined, they were overthrown. So it was natural then that the German race became influential and strong. Hence racism became the core of the social structure. * Heidegger’s political ideology of the Germans finding their own identity was ful filled through spiritual regeneration called an inner change * The Nature Of Inner Collection * Innerlichkeit (inner collection) – a change of thinking and behaving the Volk should be involved in it. * Heidegger’s ideology aims to rediscover the historical destiny of Germany. Spiritual leadership starts with the self; it is inward rather the outward. The opposite is taught by the British and the Americans. * The Role of The School in Inner Collection * It is in the school that the Volk imbibe the true essence of history and destiny. * Heidegger believes that everything can be possible if people are conditioned first in school. * The beginning of the task starts in it, as the university is the home of spirituality. * The task begins with teaching future leaders, â€Å"den Fuhrer zu Fuhren† (to lead the leader). * The Platonic Leadership For Plato, leadership must emanate from the philosopher-king or the wise and properly educated. * Education is not a mere end but a means toward a further end. * For Heidegger, it is not knowledge that administers what is supposed to be for the community of the people. The leadership of the people also starts with the leaders or the scholars of a university. As leaders of a university, they must be able to maintain academic and managerial powers to unite the fragmented departments. * For Heidegger, the society should use Platonic leadership. People should be led not by the mere power of the leader or the iron of his fist, but by forms and the authentic grounding of being. * * The English and German Ways * Many ideologues have commented that England and America give more importance to private interests. Germany would rather work as a people or as a nation. * Private interest is subordinated by the will of the community as a whole. * This contrasting English and German ways allow the world to know that the former are traders while the latter are heroes. The German way of life is a package of self-sacrifice and endurance, duty of the nation, and defense of it as a community. * Self-Sacrifice: The German Spiritual Mission * Heidegger wanted nothing of the German life but dedication and self-sacrifice, qualities he kept on repeating so that the German spiritual mission would emerge. * For him, it is clear that the true meaning of life is in making a sacrifice for the community rather than for the self. * Satisfaction can be a chieved in one’s life for the community. Only then can the world find its direction to the vision of Being. Technology and Nihilism * Nihilism   An extreme form of scepticism that denies all existence. A doctrine holding that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. * Heidegger became an anti-modernist. He strongly argued that industrial technology brings nihilism to the world. * Many considered technology as a project not only of the will of the person but also his intelligence. * However, Catholic universities during that time made a policy for the university leaders to take an oath against modernism. He was one of the victims of this policy. His breakup from Catholic philosophy plays a major role in directing the course of mankind’s history. The so –called loss of faith of Heidegger’s part was due to the papal belief that all aspects of man’s life have to be controlled by the church, one he thought to be absurd. * Volkisch Totalitarianism * Volkisch Totalitarianism – Another term for Heidegger’s ideology Require s a total subjection of the people It is humane and is more likely uphold the integrity of the individual * For the people, it means leading their activities for the welfare of their own community. It means working together for the common good.